"Soli Deo Gloria
" We cordially welcome all of you to Xicom Lab hoping a greatly impressing moment keeps
flourishing into every steps in your daily
life. ¡®Xicom Lab¡¯, the acronym of visual and
virtual reality computing laboratory aims at pursing researches
in the media soft areas including facial synthesis, material rendering,
visual computing, virtual reality and brain computer interface. Xicom Lab is always open to qualified applicants for
research assistant positions. Let us run together.
Just do it! Research
Interests ¡¤
Visual Computing ¡¤
Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality ¡¤
Material Rendering ¡¤
Computer Graphics ¡¤
Brain Computer Interface ¡¤
Facial Synthesis Members Principal
Investigator ¡¤
Name : Seongah CHIN ¡¤
Academic Position : Professor,
Division of Media Software, College of IT
Engineering, Sungkyul University ¡¤
Director of XICOM LAB (Visual and Virtual Reality
Computing Lab.) since 2001.
¡¤
Phone : +82-31-467-**** ¡¤
Fax : +82-31-467-8067 ¡¤
Office : College of IT Engineering,
#517 ¡¤
Homepage :
http://xicomlab.re.kr ¡¤
Email : solideochin@gmail.com,
solideo@sungkyul.edu Dr. Seongah Chin is a full professor, director of virtual
reality and visual computing laboratory named XICOM LAB, at Sungkyul
University, South Korea. He is a former dean of job plus center and director
of Industry-Academy Cooperation Foundation. He received his Ph.D. degree in
Computer Science from Stevens Institute of Technology, USA in 1999. He has
published more than one hundred papers including leading journals, IEEE
Transactions on SMC, Multimedia Systems, Virtual Reality, Journal of Visual
Language and Computing, Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, Color Research
and Applications, Computers in Industry, IEEE Transactions on CE, Computer
Assisted Surgery, Journal of Sensors, Journal of Bio-Medical Materials and
Engineering and Virtual Reality Software Technology etc. His research
outcomes have mainly been supported by the competitive
funding such as IITP, NRF, KOSEF, SMBA, MOCIE and KOFAC. He also worked as a
research Professor at the Department of Media Technology at Sogang University in Seoul, South Korea. He spent two
sabbatical leaves collaborating with the Department of Industrial and System
Engineering, Wayne State University in USA, at MAGIC (Multi-plAtform Game Innovation Center), Nanyang Technological
University in Singapore and Interactive Computing Lab, KAIST in Korea as a
visiting scholar and professor. Currently, Dr. Chin is serving as an
editorial board member, general chair, program committee, invited and keynote
speaker in his expertise. Dr. Chin¡¯s research interests include virtual
reality, physically-based material rendering, human
computer interaction, computer graphics, facial modeling and computer vision. Current Member ¡¤
Changjo Sung, Xicom
Lab. Sungkyul Universsity, Interaction, Game
Programming, VR/AR ¡¤
Kyuongsoo Park, Xicom
Lab. Sungkyul Universsity, Machine Learning,
Computer Vision ¡¤
Seohyun Kim, Xicom Lab.
Sungkyul Universsity, Cloud Computing, Server
Programming ¡¤
Chaelim Lee, Xicom
Lab. Sungkyul Universsity, VR Interaction, 3D
Modeling ¡¤
Seunghyun Noh, Xicom Lab, Sungkyul University,
Game Programming, VR/AR ¡¤
Minyoung Choo, Xicom Lab, Sungkyul University,
Game Programming, VR/AR Alumni ¡¤
Yongho Lee, Dongbu Group ¡¤
Junghwan Lee, Korea University, Ph.D, National Forensic Service
(NFS) ¡¤
Haejin Park, Ewha Womans University, Ph.D course ¡¤
Jongkyeong Park, DXP
Lab, Korea University, MS, KT Convergence Institute ¡¤
Sungyeun Kim, FedEx Korea ¡¤
Jinsoo Oh, Korea University, MS ¡¤
Chung-Yeon Lee, Bio Intelligence Lab,
Computer Sci.&Eng., Seoul National
University, Ph.D ¡¤
Jaedong Lee, KT Convergence Institute, Ph.D, DXP Lab. Korea University ¡¤
Yonghee Park, Software company ¡¤
Sangyong Lee, DXP Lab, Korea
University, Ph.D course,
Financial Supervisory Service ¡¤
Taejin Kim, Hanyang University,
MS, LikeLion ¡¤
Sunglim Lee, Software company ¡¤
Seonghyeon Moon,
NETMARBLE ¡¤
Seonghee Lee, Startup ¡¤
Seungdo Kim, Game Company ¡¤
Wonsun Lee, D¡¯strict
Arttech Factory, CJ Group ¡¤
Taeyoung Choi, NEXON Korea ¡¤
Chullhee Lee, Virnect ¡¤
Sungin Hong, HANTLE ¡¤
Gangrae Park, Hanyang University,
CALAB, Ph.D course ¡¤
Byungseok Lee, SKU ¡¤
Seokhyun Ghan, SW
company ¡¤
Donghui Lee, Peligood ¡¤
Hyunmin Choi ¡¤
Keonhee Park,
Hanyang University, HCI Lab. MS course, SPTeK ¡¤
Yoochang Yoon, Virnect ¡¤
Jaeseok Yoo, Chung-Ang University, Graphics
Realization Lab. MS course ¡¤
Kiyeol Park, SKU ¡¤
Sanghyun Kil, SKU ¡¤
Dongmin Moon, INODEV ¡¤
Yunji Seok, SKU ¡¤
Yerang Park, IDIS ¡¤
Sangwook Yoo, LG U+ ¡¤
Cheongho Lee, Nexon Games ¡¤
Sol Han, Xicom Lab, Sungkyul University ¡¤
Junghyun Kim, Xicom Lab, Sungkyul University ¡¤
Yunhwan Lee, Xicom Lab, Sungkyul University Publication
Synopsis ¡¤
43 SCI(E) & Scopus Journals, including IEEE
Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics, Multimedia Systems, Journal of
Visual Language and Computing, Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, Virtual
Reality, Color Research and Applications, AI-EDAM, COL, IEEE Transactions on
CE, International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, Computers in Industry,
Computer Assisted Surgery, Imaging Science, The Scientific World Journal,
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Journal of Sensors, Journal of Bio-medical
Materials and Engineering, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, Applied
Science, Electronics and etc. ¡¤
42 NRF Journals, including IEIE, KGS, and KSCG, JCCT
Journal etc. ¡¤
Lots more International and domestic Proceedings,
including VRST2019, VRST2018, HCI2017, CASA2011, CASA2013 etc. Representative achievements ¡¤
Biological Properties-based Artificial Scar Synthesis
using Inverse Lighting :
¡¤
Structural Motion Grammar for Universal use of Leap
Motion: Amusement and Functional Contents Focused :
¡¤
Virtual Figure Model Crafting
with VR HMD and Leap Motion :
¡¤
Multi-layer Structural Wound Synthesis on 3D Face :
¡¤
Novel real-time wound recovery synthesis on a 3d face
using subsurface scattering :
¡¤
Novel irregular mesh tagging algorithm for wound
synthesis on a 3D face :
¡¤
Optimal Model of Optical
Parameter Extraction for Material Rendering :
¡¤
Method of combining spectrophotometer and optical
imaging equipment to extract optical parameters :
¡¤
Subsurface scattering-based object
rendering techniques for smartphone games :
¡¤
Physiological parameters for skin rendering using spectrophotometer :
¡¤
A color scheme supporting technique based on
hierarchical scene structure for exterior design of urban scenes in 3D :
¡¤
An automatic method for motion capture-based exaggeration
of facial expressions with personality types :
¡¤
Personality Trait and Facial Expression Filter-Based Brain Computer Interface :
¡¤
Expressive 3D Face for Mobile Devices
:
¡¤
Emotional Intensity-based Facial Expression Cloning for
Low Polygonal Applications :
Research Grants and Project ¡¤
¡°XR Hair styling,¡± NRF, June. 2021 – Feb. 2024,
Principal Investigator ¡¤
¡°Job Plus Center,¡± March. 2022 – current, Ministry of
Employment and Labor, Director ¡¤
¡°Digital New Software¡¤AI
Camp,¡±, Dec. 2022 – May. 2023, Co-Principal Investigator ¡¤
¡°A Study on User Convenience in Immersive Content Creation,¡± IITP, June. 2022 – Dec.
2022, Principal Investigator ¡¤
¡°Feel real with Graphitic-based XR,¡± NRF, June. 2018
–2021, Principal Investigator ¡¤
¡°Virtual Clay Art with Leap Motion,¡± NRF, Nov. 2015 –
Oct. 2018, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Physically-based cinematic material rendering for
real-time gameplay" KEIT, 2nd year, September 2013
– Aug. 2015, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Scar synthesis on 3d face," NRF 4th & 5th year,"
NRF, May 2013 – April 2015, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Dimentia-Prevention
Game Techniques using Leap Motion,¡± KOFAC, June 2014 – May 2015, Principal
Investigator ¡¤
"An enhanced real-time rendering technique for
smartphone games," KOFAC, September 2013 – Feb. 2014, Principal
Investigator ¡¤
"Wound synthesis 2nd year,"
NRF, May. 2011 – April. 2012, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Super-realistic Face 1st year,"
NRF, May. 2010 – April. 2011, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Bio-info based FEC for entertainment,"
KOSEF, May. 2009 – April 2010, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Selected as a Leading Technology," SMBA,
Nov. 2008 – Oct. 2009, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Exaggeration of facial expression
synthesis," KRF, July 2008 – June 2009, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"SCOPE : Smart Coloring
Pipeline," KSF, June 2008 – May 2009, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Mobile based 3D Virtual Face System," MOCIE,
March 2006 – September 2006, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"MTP Program for fostering Experts in Digital
Contents," KRF, Nov. 2005 – Oct. 2007, Co-Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Virtual Music Therapy for Autism," POSCO
& KUCSS, Oct.2005 - Feb. 2006, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Engineering-Based Web3D Technology," MOCIE,
Jan. 2005 - Aug. 2005, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Producing Multimedia Contents,"
K-center, Oct. 2004 - Dec. 2004, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Building Web information system," KUCSS,
July 19th - Sep. 10, 2004, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Korean Internet Volunteers," MIC, July.
2002, Feb. 2004, Principal Investigator ¡¤
"Use of Motion capture data for 3D character
animation," KSEF, March 2000 - April 2001 ¡¤
"Facial Expression Retargeting to New
Characters," SMBA, March 2000 - April 2001 ¡¤
"Interactive Television," Netro TV, July 2000 - Feb. 2001 ¡¤
"Vesalius Project (Cyber Medical Anatomy),"
Stevens Institute of Technology, July 1997 - August 1998 Research Services ¡¤
Chair, the Organizing Committee, IPACT2024
and IIBC2024 Conference June 28-29, Seoul,
The International Promotion Agency of Culture Technology
and The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication ¡¤
Technical Program Committee, ACCSE2024/2025, Valencia,
Spain ¡¤
Technical Program Committee, IMMM2024/2025, Valencia,
Spain ¡¤
General Chair, 10th IIBC2023 Conference,
Nov. 16,
The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication. ¡¤
Vice President of Collaboration, Currently IIBC,
The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication. ¡¤
Chair of the Academic Committee, Currently IIBC,
The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication. ¡¤
Chair, the
Organizing Committee, IPACT2023, June 27, Seoul,
The International Promotion Agency of Culture Technology. ¡¤
Chair, the Organizing
Committee, IIBC2022, Nov. 18, The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication. ¡¤
Chair, the
Organizing Committee, IPACT2022, June 24, Seoul,
The International Promotion Agency of Culture Technology. ¡¤
Keynotes Speaker, TISG2021, Dec. 15., 2021, Guangzhou,
China, Title: Physic-based Modeling and Rendering. ¡¤
Guest Editor, Topic Editor, Applied Science, Title:
Recent Advances on VR/AR/MR and Post Covid-19. ¡¤
Co-Editor, TPC, TISG2021, The International Conference
on Technological Innovation and Social Governance December 14th -16th, 2021, Guangzhou,
China ¡¤
Editorial Board, Recent Patent on Engineering
2019-current ¡¤
General Chair, AMMS2020, International Conference on
Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Simulation, Shanghai, Sep. 2020 ¡¤ Keynotes Speaker, AMMS2020, International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Modeling and Simulation, Shanghai, Sep. 2020 ¡¤
General Chair, AMMSO2019, 2019 International Conf. on
Applied Math., Modeling, Simulation and Optimization, Guilin, April, 21-22, 2019 ¡¤
General Chair, MSOTA 2018: Modeling Simulation
Optimization Techniques and Applications 2018, Xiamen, Nov. 25-26, 2018 ¡¤
Keynote Speaker, ICCSIE 2018: Structural Motion Grammar
and Virtual Figure Model Crafting, Xi¡¯an, Sep. 21-22, 2018 ¡¤
General Chair, MSO 2018: Modeling Simulation
Optimization 2018, Shenzhen, Jan. 21-22, 2018 ¡¤
General Chair, ECNE 2017: Electronics, Communications
and Network Engineering, Hongkong, June. 23-24, 2017 ¡¤
Invited Speaker, Acne scar and scar synthesis system
using height map and improved subsurface scattering color Model, ICBEB 2017,
Oct. 20, 2017 ¡¤
Special Tutorial, Computer Game & Graphics,
Computer Engineering Dept., YUST, May. 08 – June 01, 2017 ¡¤
Keynote speaker, Photo
realistic rasterization in Games using PBR, AMEIT 2017:
International Conference on Advances in Management Engineering and
Information Technology 2017, Shanghai, April. 23-24, 2017 ¡¤
Invited Talk, Physically based
rendering: Photo-realistic Games, Computer Engineering Department ANU,
Jordan, March. 8th 2017, ¡¤
Keynote speaker, Physically based
rendering: Game Perspective, IWSBT 2016, Dec. 3rd, Sejong Univ. ¡¤
Invited Talk, Physically based
rendering in Games, July.2016, MAGIC, Nanyang Technological
University, Aug. 2016 ¡¤
Invited Talk, Cinematic Games with PBR, Graduate school
seminar, KSE, KAIST, Sep. 2016 ¡¤
Tutorial, HCI KOREA 2016, Physically-based
Material Rendering ¡¤
Journal of Multimodal User Interface, Lead Guest Editor
2016 ¡¤
ISSS2014, Multimedia2014, Multimedia 2015, Program
Committee ¡¤
UMAS2013, Multimedia2013, IDCTA2013, ICCM2013,
ISSDM2013, Program Committee ¡¤
ICEI 2011, ICACT2011, SHOM2011, ICCIT2011, NCM2011,
NISS 2011, Macao, China, Program Committee ¡¤
BIOCOMP2010, CGVR2010, IPCV2010, SAM2010. Las Vegas,
Nevada, USA, Program Committee ¡¤
ICIS2010(3rd International Conference
on Information Science and Interactive Science), Program committee ¡¤
INC2010(6th International Conference
Networked Computing), Program committee ¡¤
NCM2010(6th International Joint
Conference on INC, IMS, IDC), Program committee ¡¤
NISS2010(4th International
Conference on New Trends in Information Science and Service Science), Program committee ¡¤
CGVR2009(the 2009 International Conference on Computer
Graphics and Virtual Reality, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA), Program Committee ¡¤
IPCV2009(The 2009 International Conference on Image
Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition), Program Committee ¡¤
NCM 2009(the 5th International Joint
Conference on INC, IMS, IDC), Program committee ¡¤
Journal of WSCG, Europe, Journal Editorial Board, 2006
– 2008 ¡¤
ICCIT2009 (the Fourth International Conference on Convergence and
hybrid Information Technology), Program Committee ¡¤
CGVR2008 (the 2008 International Conference on Computer
Graphics and Virtual Reality, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA), Program committee ¡¤
ICCIT2008 (the Third International Conference on Convergence and
hybrid Information Technology), International Research Committee ¡¤
WSCG2008 (The 15th International Conf. in Central
Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, Czech
Republic), Board of Referees ¡¤
WSCG2007 (The 14th International Conf. in Central
Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, Czech
Republic), Board of Referees ¡¤
ICIC2006(International Conference on Intelligent
Computing), Poster Session Chair ¡¤
WSCG2005 (The 13th International Conf. in Central
Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, Czech
Republic), Board of Referees ¡¤
IDEAL2004 (The 5th International Conf. on Intelligent
Data Engineering and Automated Learning, UK ), Board
of Referees ¡¤
The 2nd International Conf. on subjects Relating to
Clay Problem, 2002, Invited Speaker ¡¤
Computer Standard & Interface, External Reviewers ¡¤
JAADS, External Reviewers ¡¤
Electronic Letters, External Reviewers, Computer Aided Design, External
Reviewers ¡¤
Chinese Optics Letters, External Reviewers ¡¤
KRF, ITA, MIC, MOCIE, KOCCA, ITEP etc.: Board of
Referees, Consultant ¡¤
Korea Information Assurance Society, Korea, Board of
Directors, 2006 – 2010 ¡¤
Korea Information Assurance Society, Korea, Journal
Editorial Board, 2006 – 2010 ¡¤
The Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea,
Computer Society Committee, Board of Directors, 2009 – Present Patents ¡¤
Exaggerated facial expressions with personality types,
Patent Registration # 10-1116838 ¡¤
PDA based 3D face creating system and method, Patent
Registration # 10-0827749 ¡¤
Technology transfer on 10-0827749 ¡¤
Color mining based intelligent Web3D coloring scheme,
Patent Registration#10-1011968 ¡¤
Apparatus for rendering 3d Object, #13-87501 ¡¤
Apparatus for rendering 3d Object using optic parameter, #13-87500 ¡¤
Subsurface scattering method for smartphone games
#10-2014-0023062 Awards and Honors ¡¤
1st ranked(out
of 87 teams), Korea Internet Volunteer Program awarded by Minister of
Information and Communication (Korea Gov.), April, 2004 ¡¤
1st ranked, Anyang venture valley
software competition (title : Web3D intelligent
home-network simulation, advisor), awarded by Anyang venture valley
consortium, Oct. 2005 ¡¤
3rd ranked(out
of 45 teams), Korea Internet Volunteer Program awarded by Minister of
Information and Communication (Korea Gov.), Oct. 2002 ¡¤
3rd ranked, Anyang venture valley
software competition (title : 3D product manual,
advisor), awarded by Anyang venture valley consortium, Oct. 2004 ¡¤
1st ranked,
research grant award in 2009, Sungkyul University, Feb. 2009 ¡¤
1st ranked,
research grant award in 2010, Sungkyul University, Feb. 2010 ¡¤
2nd ranked, research grant award in
2023, Sungkyul University, Feb. 2023 ¡¤
2nd ranked, research accomplishment
award in 2008, Sungkyul University, Feb. 2009 ¡¤
2nd ranked, research accomplishment
award in 2012, Sungkyul University, June. 2013 ¡¤
SKU Achievement Award, Sungkyul University, April. 2022 ¡¤
Academic Research Award, Deputy Prime Minister and
Minister of Education, May, 2023 ¡¤
IIBC Achievement Award, Jan. 05, 2024, IIBC,
The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication. ¡¤
Best Paper Award, ¡°Extraction of Personalized Skin
Rendering Parameters using Spectrophotometer,¡± AGST2013, June,
2013 ¡¤
Best Paper Presentation, ¡°Vivid Face in Games using
Brain Computer Interface,¡± IEEK Fall Conference, Feb. 2011 ¡¤
Best Paper included into JCAVA, ¡°Multi-layer Structural
Wound Synthesis on 3d Face,¡± CASA 2011 ¡¤
Best Paper Presentation, ¡°Realistic Facial-Expression
Modeling for Intelligent Game Design,¡± Game Conference Dec. 2012 ¡¤
Best Paper Presentation, ¡°Interactive Cultural Content
Using Finger Motion and HMD VR,¡± HSST Fall Conference, July,
2016 ¡¤
Best Paper, ¡°Hair Styling matching using FCN for VR
hair styling contents,¡± Fall
Conference, ISAAC2021, Sep. 2021 ¡¤
Best Paper, ¡°Shading in hair styling,¡± IIBC2022, Nov. 2022 ¡¤
Best Paper, ¡°Hair Style Classification and 3D Hair
Modeling for Koreans in consideration of Metaverse Usage Environment,¡±
IPACT2023 ¡¤
Best Paper, ¡°Let¡¯s add Intelligence to Lead Climbing,¡±
IPACT2024 ¡¤
Invited and indexed by ABI, American Biographical
Institute, Great Mind of the 21st Century, 2007/2008 ¡¤
Invited and indexed by IBC, Cambridge, England, 2000
Outstanding Scientists 2008/2009 ¡¤
Invited and Indexed by Marquis Who¡¯s Who in the World,
in America, and Science and Engineering 2008/2009-current ¡¤
Full Professor, College of IT
Engineering, Sungkyul University, 2001 – Present ¡¤
Director, XICOM LAB. http://xicomlab.re.kr ¡¤
Visiting Professor, Computer Engineering Dept., YUST,
China, April. 2017 – July. 2017 ¡¤
Visiting Research Professor, Interactive Computing
Lab., KAIST, Sep. 2016 – Jan. 2017 ¡¤
Visiting Research Professor,
MAGIC, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, July 2016 –
Sep. 2016 ¡¤
Technical Consultant, Mentoring, Korea Safety Education
Association, Oct. 2014 – Dec. 2014 ¡¤
Visiting Research Professor, Detroit, Wayne State
University, March 2007 – Feb. 2008 ¡¤
Technical Consultant, Dreamscape, Jan. 2005 - Aug. 2006 ¡¤
Technical Consultant, Motion Technology, Jan. 2002-Dec.
2003 ¡¤
Research Professor, Department of Media Technology,
Graduate School of Media Communication, Sogang University,
July 2000 - Feb. 2001 ¡¤
Lecturer, Kyunghee University, Sungkyul University,
Seoul National University of Technology, March 2000 - June 2000 ¡¤
Teaching Assistant, Department of Computer Science,
Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Jan. 1998 - May 1999 Courses ¡¤
Computer Graphics for junior ¡¤
Artificial Intelligence for senior ¡¤
Algorithm for sophomore ¡¤
Capstone Design, senior Courses Taught ¡¤
Problem Solving with JAVA, Computer Science, Stevens
Institute of Technology ¡¤
Operating System", Computer Science, Stevens
Institute of Technology, SKU ¡¤
Data Structures in C++, Computer Science, Stevens
Institute of Technology ¡¤
Visual Basic, Liberal arts and Sciences, Kyunghee University ¡¤
Artificial Intelligence, SKU ¡¤
Algorithm, SKU ¡¤
Pattern Recognition, SKU ¡¤
Unix System Programming, SKU ¡¤
Computer Graphics, SKU ¡¤
Discrete Mathematics, SKU ¡¤
Differential and Integral Calculus, SKU ¡¤
Virtual Reality, SKU ¡¤
Image Processing, SKU Major Social Services ¡¤
Vision Trip, Sagdi,
Tajikistan, Quitto: Equador,
Pune: India, Jordan, China 2002, 2007, 2011, 2017 ¡¤
Korea Internet Volunteers (supported by MIC and KADO),
Vietnam Korea Tech. Co-operation Center, Hanoi, Vietnam, Feb. 9th - 29th,
2004 ¡¤
Social program associating with majors (supported by
KUCSS), Building Web information system, July 19th - Sep. 10, 2004 ¡¤
Korea Internet Volunteers (supported by MIC and
KADO), Sugdien-Korea Association for Economic
& Cultural Exchange, Sagdi, Tajikistan,
Aug. 9th - 23th, 2002 |